Essay --

Alvin SamarnmitrDecember 9, 2013Bio 441 CS3219Hedgehog Signaling PathwaysShh is a gene that plays a significant role in regulating the development of organogenesis in vertebrates. This is a recently discovered gene and over the span of only 20 years, it has become a greatly studied ligand. Not only does it matter as a chemical signal necessary for development in early embryogenesis, but also stop to remain important throughout the wide-cut life of adulthood. The signaling pathways of Shh is very intricate and due to many research reviews over the last decade, researchers have elaborated the details of this particular pathway. Some major roles that Shh contributes to are development of the brain, spinal cord, nervous system, eyes, limbs of the body, cell growth and many other important parts of the body. Because Shh signaling pathway is essential for normal embryotic development, any mutation or absence of Shh ligand will cause serious health conditions such as holoprosencephaly, cyclopia, and many other defects. Recent research shows that geneticists were competent to map out the specific location of the gene in order to further understand the relationship between other genes. As research continue to progress in the growing field of developmental biology, more information about Shh will soon be discovered.Hedgehog GeneThe Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered by German biologist Christiane Nsslein-Volhard, American Biologist Eric Wieschaus, and Edward B. Lewis. They were experimenting with Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly and successfully identified the crucial genes that controlled the partitioning pattern of the Drosophila embryo. Their research was published in 1980 and this won them a Nobel Prize in Physiology or ... ... requires a certain amount of both Gli activators and Gli repressors, a disruption in the balance of these proteins usually lead to exncephaly. There are many other mutants that causes the cilia to function improperly and many of these mutant leads to exencephaly, which is a cephalic disorder where the brain is formed on the exterior of the skull.Mutation or absence of hedghog will cause major health problems and defects in embryonic development. Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is wiz of the most common developmental defect and is caused by nonsense mutation and cytogenicc deletion. This loss of function mutation is the main cause and the symptoms can range from kookie to severe cyclopia. It is a cephalic disorder in which the forebrain of the embryo fails to develop and split into two hemispheres. Resulting in abmornal brain development and deformation of the nervus facialis area.

Free Macbeth Essays: Foreshadowing the Apparitions -- GCSE Coursework

 Foreshadowing the Apparitions in MacBeth   One would question the credibility of the enigmatic apparitions within Macbeths notable Act IV, Scene i. Shakespeare gains the audiences acceptance of the three mystically summoned apparitions through methodically auspicate a supernatural event is about to occur. Each stance of Shakespeares foreshadowing -- cauldron potions, Hecate, the second witchs awareness of MacBeth, and stage direction -- contributes to the believability of the apparitions appearance in the play.The fact the witches were mixing a poisoned (IV,i,5) concoction upon the entrance of MacBeth implies trouble (IV,i,10). trinity witches circling around a cauldron, throwing in items such as baboons blood (IV,i,37) foreshadows something dark and mysterious will happen. Hecate, the queen of the witches, commends (IV,i,39) the witches for their pains (IV,i,39), upon entrance to the witchery drenched stage. Hecate too uses a device similar to the royal we. She imp lies that the entirety of the populous will benefit from the outcome of the p...

Macular Degeneration :: Eye Disorders Vision Essays

Macular DegenerationRobert, a 65 year-old male, has trouble reading fine detail, especially out of his substitution vision. He complains that his vision is blurred and that it is harder to see while operating a motor vehicle. In addition, sometimes objects appear wavy or crooked, which impairs his vision. His worst symptoms were that he occasionally lost the ability to distinguish between the features of familiar faces and he had a localized blind spot. Robert is not alone many nation suffer from symptoms related to loss and distortion of the visual field. He suffers from macular arear degeneration, the leading cause of decreased vision loss in the United States, especially for people everyplace the age of 50 (Philippi, 2000). Macular degeneration also known as late, aged-related maculopathy is an fondness disorder which causes a decrease in the visual field known as the retinal macula (Medical Encyclopedia, 2000). The majority of people who atomic number 18 affected ar peopl e over the age of 65, but occasionally it develops earlier in people 40-50 years old (Philippi, 2000). The majority of the visual loss is located in the commutation part of the visual field, while the peripheral vision is unharmed. There are also two types of macular degeneration, the wet and dry forms. The dry form of this sickness is the most popular, affecting 90% of the cases (Ameri git Academy of Ophthalmology, 1997).Macular degeneration in general can affect many people in minor or drastic ways. People who experience this form often complain of vision loss when they are in dim light, especially when they are reading. The dry type is often characterized by a more gradual loss of vision compared to the wet type. Signs of this disease include an increase in drusen, which is an accumulation of a yellow-white substance, in the underside of the macular retina. A loss of cells can be seen in the macula. The macula is our sensitive potty region, where intricate detail can be seen. T hus, vision in this area is helpful and necessary to drive, read, focus on small details, and recognize familiar faces. The macula is located in the back of the eye known as the retina. The macula is only about 5 mm in diameter, and includes the fovea, which gives us our detailed central vision. If a person suffers from the dry form in one eye they will be more likely to develop it in the other eye as well.

Far Beyond Everyday Superstitions Essay -- Obseessive Compulsive Disor

Far Beyond Everyday SuperstitionsEach day my grandfather has an impulse to touch his shoulder, then his nose, and after these actions are cultured he touches his ear. He does these actions each and every time he says hello to a human being. It is as if he is a coach on the third-base bank note signaling a runner to steal home. He doesnt know why he does these actions he just does. He has on obvious basis and trys not to do them, but each time they come back. My grandfather feels ashamed of his actions and does not want anyone to know of them. He has other impulses as well. He turns off light switches with his thumb, only his thumb. My grandfather was diagnosed with the neurotic disorder twenty years ago. The Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a strange and frightening sickness of ritual. This malady is far more common than most plurality would ever imagine. Ab forbidden one in fifty Americans have this disorder, as many as tailfin million (11/28, http//www.zoloft.com/index .asp?pageid=14&o=060110000000GO). It is most common between the ages of 18 through 54 to be diagnosed. Typically one third of adult cases however, contract at adolescence. It is cruel because the victims of this disease know of their strange behavior and try to make it stop, but cannot. It is as though their brain is stuck on a contingent thought or urge and can not let it go. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is opposite from the everyday superstitions that most people seem to have. For instance, many people believe in lucky numbers, knocking on wood, or keeping umbrellas closed in the house. These habits are different from the disorder for these Kreftmeyer 2 patients cannot put these actions out of their minds (Rapoport, 2). This disorder should be... ...cans need to become more aware of how its effects to ones life, due to the surprisingly high number of people that have symptoms of it. Psychiatrists are still experimenting with different combinations of medications and therapies for which will eventually help the victims even more. It is a disorder that many need to be informed about. Works CitedCoon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology. Pacific Grove endure/Cole Publishing Company, 1998.Dumont, Raeann. The Sky Is Falling. New York W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 1996.Pharmacotherapy. National Institute of Mental Health. 30 November 2001. Rapoport, Judith. The Boy Who Couldnt Stop Washing. New York E.P. Dutton Inc. 1989.Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Obsessive- Compulsive Foundation. 28 November 2001. Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Zoloft. 28 November 2001.

Depression and Finding Help Essay -- Depression Psychiatry Psychology

Depression and Finding HelpDepression is defined as an illness the qualityings of depression persist and interfere with a child or adolescents ability to function. Depression can be a very difficult and painful experience that affects not only the individual damage from it, but also the people around them. There comes a point in some peoples lives where social isolation, low energy, sadness, low self-esteem, and the feeling of hopelessness, cannot be taken anymore. The feelings atomic number 18 so strong and persistent, that the victim becomes severely un intellectual, which can then result in depression. Clinical depression has more related symptoms trouble sleeping, do disorders, withdrawal and inactivity, self-punishment, and loss of pleasure. People that are depressed do not like to do things they may usually like to. However, there are many differences between feeling depressed and actually trauma from depression, the disease. Any person feels depressed at some time or another in their life. They feel worthless, tired and tend to want to be alone without human moveion, this is normal. Depression brings on poor concentration or inability to think and make decisions (Kist 26). Surveys that have been taken that show approximately 20 in 100 people suffer from depression at any one time. About one if foursome Americans will suffer from a depression over the course of their lifetime. Depression strikes men and women of all ages, in all races, but most studies indicate that women are more often afflicted. Depression comes in many different types major(ip), wild and dysthymia are a few. A chronic, physical illness, drug habit, death of a loved one or a problem in a marriage cause major depression. Even though most people with major depression will recover, half will suffer another episode (Hales 38). People with severe cases of major depression cant work, study, or interact and eventually cant feed, clothe or clean themselves (Hales 38).Manic depressio n is a type of depression that goes from a person being extremely happy and then becoming severely depressed (Kist 107). Being in a depressed state can be life threatening. People suffering from manic depression show many symptoms. A few major ones are hyperactivity talking fast, inability, fear of dying, and jumping from one topic to another during a colloquy (Kist 39). Another type is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanaly... ...on to a better, more productive lifestyle. Overall, there are many causes of this unbearable disease, and often many times a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors are involved in the onset of a depressive disorder. However, the big risk factor in major depression is suicide. Within five years of suffering from major depression, an estimated 25% of sufferers try to kill themselves. Therefore, it is important to take action when confronted with the symptoms of this disease. Depression reaches many people and that is why I cho se this as my topic. Depression is possibly the most painful illness, but it can be overcome. Hopefully everyone with depression seeks help either through medication or therapy.BibliographyBlackman, Maurice. You Asked about Adolescent Depression. gettable at http//www.mental.health.com/mag1/pgs51-dp01.htmlHales, Dianne. Depression. Chelsea House Publishers, New York, Philadelphia, 1989.Kist, Jay. Dealing with Depression Current Health 2 Jan.1997 25-28.Lytle, Victoria. The dark clouds of Depression. NEA Today Dec.1994.Spike Milligan and Anthony Clare. Depression and how to Survive it. Arrow 1994.

Depression and Finding Help Essay -- Depression Psychiatry Psychology

Depression and Finding HelpDepression is defined as an illness the whimsys of depression persist and interfere with a child or adolescents ability to function. Depression can be a very difficult and painful experience that affects not entirely the individual suffering from it, but also the people around them. There comes a point in some peoples lives where social isolation, low energy, sadness, low self-esteem, and the feeling of hopelessness, cannot be taken anymore. The feelings are so strong and persistent, that the victim becomes severely unhappy, which can then result in depression. Clinical depression has many connect symptoms trouble sleeping, eating disorders, withdrawal and inactivity, self-punishment, and loss of pleasure. great deal that are depressed do not like to do things they may usually like to. However, on that point are many differences between feeling depressed and actually suffering from depression, the disease. Any person feels depressed at some time or o ther in their life. They feel worthless, tired and tend to want to be alone without human interaction, this is normal. Depression brings on poor concentration or inability to moot and make decisions (Kist 26). Surveys that have been taken that show approximately 20 in 100 people suffer from depression at any one time. more or less one if four Americans will suffer from a depression over the course of their lifetime. Depression strikes men and women of all ages, in all races, but closely studies indicate that women are more often afflicted. Depression comes in many different types major, manic and dysthymia are a few. A chronic, physical illness, do drugs habit, death of a loved one or a problem in a marriage cause major depression. Even though almost people with major depression will recover, half will suffer other episode (Hales 38). People with severe cases of major depression cant work, study, or interact and eventually cant feed, clothe or clean themselves (Hales 38).Manic depression is a type of depression that goes from a person organism extremely happy and then becoming severely depressed (Kist 107). Being in a depressed state can be life threatening. People suffering from manic depression show many symptoms. A few major ones are hyperactivity talking fast, inability, fear of dying, and jumping from one topic to another during a conversation (Kist 39). Another type is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanaly... ...on to a better, more productive lifestyle. Overall, there are many causes of this unbearable disease, and often many times a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors are involved in the onset of a depressive disorder. However, the big risk factor in major depression is suicide. Within quintette years of suffering from major depression, an estimated 25% of sufferers try to kill themselves. Therefore, it is important to take action when confronted with the symptoms of this disease. Depression reaches many people and that is why I chose this as my topic. Depression is maybe the most painful illness, but it can be overcome. Hopefully everyone with depression seeks help either through medication or therapy.BibliographyBlackman, Maurice. You Asked roughly Adolescent Depression. Available at http//www.mental.health.com/mag1/pgs51-dp01.htmlHales, Dianne. Depression. Chelsea House Publishers, New York, Philadelphia, 1989.Kist, Jay. Dealing with Depression Current Health 2 Jan.1997 25-28.Lytle, Victoria. The dark clouds of Depression. NEA Today Dec.1994.Spike Milligan and Anthony Clare. Depression and how to dwell it. Arrow 1994.

Hypothyroidism and its Relationship to Heart Disease and Cardiac Problems Essay

Hershman describes hypothyroidism as a disorder which results from a deficit of the action of thyroid endocrine (2009, p. 435). This condition affects the development and function of all tissues of the body, an important example of which is the heart. The thyroid hormone is responsible for the crucial regulation of calcium flux into the sarcomeres of myocytes (Rao, 2007, p. 202). The well-nigh ordinary effect of deficient thyroid-hormone action on any tissue is well known a light in the basal metabolic rate.For the heart, this decrease most commonly causes a decrease in heart rate. Other manifestations may include decreased cardiac output, flabby myocardium, pericardial effusion and impaired endothelial function (Hershman, 2009, p. 435). However, for the profoundly hypothyroid patient, the most frequent cause of cardiac anomalies is impaired diastolic relaxation (Klein, 2005, p. 777). Although the fall in rate of metabolism is ubiquitous in hypothyroidism, the heart experiences a disproportionate change in demand and supply of oxygen, the supply drops faster than the demand.On the other hand, patients of coronary heart disease who conduct later developed hypothyroidism have been given either low doses of T4, or no medication at all by some practitioners (Klein, 2005, p. 777) the lowered cardiac load associated with hypothyroidism helps in lowering the stress on the heart. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of hypothyroidism on the heart and on metabolism generally far outweigh this gauzy concession (Klein, 2005, p. 777). Another complication associated with hypothyroidism is hypertension.The main feature of pathophysiology that results in this manifestation is the increased vascular resistance due to absence of the vasodilating action of T3 (Klein, 2005, p. 776). This brand of hypertension shows decreased sensitivity to salt intake as compared to other forms of hypertension (Klein, 2005, p. 776). Hypertension in a profoundly hypothyroid patient is especiall y ominous. The increase serum levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein (a), associated with the low metabolic rate, combined with the increased vascular resistance may lead to coronary heart disease (Klein, 2005, p. 77).However, its the subclinical love seat of hypothyroidism that represents a major challenge the lack of clear cut symptoms makes the diagnosis of this latent condition difficult. In a recent study, subclinical hypothyroidism was claimed to be an free-lance risk factor for heart disease in women in their 60s and 70s (Hak et al. , 2000). The main pathophysiological feature is the delayed relaxation of the left ventricle after contractions, exacerbated by endothelial dysfunction and a stiffness of the arteries (Biondi, 2009, p. 24).Serum thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH, and serum free T4 are an appropriate starting point in acquiring a diagnosis of hypothyroidism (Hershman, 2009, p. 436). Myoglobin levels in blood and urine are also excellent indicators of injury to card iac tissue (Klein, 2005, p. 777). Serum creatine kinase levels may also be increased, but troponin levels remain normal (Rao, 2007, p. 202). In subclinical hypothyroidism, TSH levels are moderately increased while T4 levels remain normal. ECG shows a general decrease in amplitude and the T wave may be inverted (Rao, 2007, p. 202).The treatment of both the latent and overt forms of hypothyroidism, in relation to the heart, involves the maintenance of unconstipated thyroid hormone levels. Levothyroxine is the drug of choice in patients with a known heart condition, the dosage of the drug should be given incrementally to reach a immutable normal level (Rao, 2007, p. 202). In elderly patients, some degree of cardiac ischemia is assumed present and the dosage is always increased gradually (Hershman, 2009, p. 438). Beta-blockers croupe be administered to counter the deleterious effect hormone therapy on cardiac ischemia, unless counter-indicated (Rao, 2007, p. 203).

Differences between family and friends Essay

Throughout our lives we interact in many and varied relationships. These evoke range from intense stimulated and physical interactions, to casual acquaintances. Our ability to bond, congregate and network within these relationships is not restricted to the family or kin from whom we are born many are the go of friendships formed within our societal settings.We develop friendship relationships within the work place, sporting activities and shared community interests. The commonality of interest can be in residential status, class, race, gender and religious beliefs. The formation of relationships can have a multitude of meanings and importance to the individual, whether formed with family or friends. So how do the importance of relationships among family and friends differ?According to Baker (2001, p.1) Our personal decisions and lifestyle choices are influenced in a myriad, often hidden, ways by what happens in the wider human race. This suggests that as individuals we motivati on the influence of the outside world to assist in our decision-making processes. However, both family and friendship relationships offer a range of external (social) and internal (private) life networks from which the individual or group can access personal and social knowledge, resources and support.The difference in the take, mannerism and depth of needs attended to by both family and friendship relationships moldiness then be discussed to access the importance of separately and the role it plays in the life of the individual and society.FriendshipGoerg Simmel (in G. Little, 1993, p.31) saw friendship as pure sociability. Simmell depicted society as a web of sociability, a subtle balance of delicate exchanges it was only the name given to the comings and going of human beings, the interchanges that simultaneously colligate and separate people. Simmel further describes friends as artists, claiming friends mustcommit themselves to communicating well, putting all distraction as ide.Simmells description of friendship in society, describes the way in which we communicate in our external lives, separate to that of family or kin relations. The communicative commitment we put into these meetings will depend on the level of interaction desired, given our commonality and interest. Therefore, the formation of friendships is based on the attention given to conversation, how well we communicate and the manner in which we construct our communication. All an separate(prenominal) encounters are purely polite exchanges of greetings between people we meet outwardly. Friendly interactions can therefore be love an extension of our internal family lives.A case count of social networks conducted by Lyn Richards (in Gilding, 1999, p.121-23) of a Melbourne suburb revealed how residents constructed a wide variety of relationships with their neighbours. The social exchange of neighbourhood residents extended to sharing equipment and getting to know each other on a much person al basis, allowing friendship relations to enter the internal domain family life by choice rather than necessity.This offers an interest perspective to Simmells analysis of friendship simply being polite but attentive exchanges of our everyday external lives. It suggests that we not only form friendships externally out of politeness but alsointernally to share our family relations. Richards noted however, that the association between friends and family relations are separated by the difference in time spent with family and friends.Edward Shorter (1979, p.231) writesin traditional society the kin group counted for relatively little in mad terms, being primarily a beginning of material support in emergencies. The view here is that friendship relations are an extension of family relations, allowing additional resources to be obtained. Friendship is then seen as an all-important(a)commodity to completing our hierarchy of needs. Therefore, placing restrictions on the importance and po sition of family and friendship contributing factors to our family and societal needs, with the extent of these needs measured in material and stirred contexts.Demographically family structures have endured many changes to the way in which family member conduct their lives. Changes to labour market forces, socio-economics and lifestyle choices, have left many with little or no time to conduct friendship relationships within the family unit.The importance of emotional support and mental well-being is then passed onto external avenues such as social function and friendship alliances. Meaning, that whilst our physical needs are being met through income support (wages, benefits), our emotional needs are neglected over time taken to carry through our physical and material needs. Therefore, positioning friendship relations as an important aspect of our familial and societal structure.Talcott Parsons (in van Krieken et al, 2000, p.328) described the functions of the nuclear family as th e immemorial socialization of children and the stabilization of the adult personalities of the population of society (1955a, p.16). Parsons analysis ofsocialisation and stabilisation functioning describes the family as a secure and sociable entity, capable of providing both social learning and emotional well-being.To support Parsons description Bell and Zajdow (in Jureidini and Poole, 2003, p.275-76) describe the family as an entity where people have their emotional needs cared for by a married woman or mother has displaced the household whose primary purpose was to produce goods for the material well-being of family members.The descriptions of families given here, lead to families providing emotional support for its members, similar to that of friendship relationships. How can we determine at this point, which is more important? Family support and learning can be contained within the family, kept private and discussed with members whom share common kin ties. The emotional support of friendship risks private consultation becoming public and has no biological status. Therefore, the family as a social and emotional provider is viewed as more important.The difference and diversity of families and friendship relations as pointed out in Shorter (1979, p.231-41) may provide insight into the importance of family dynamics. Shorter describes a variety of family and kin units, their origins and value placed on human contact. The research shows that despite having sociable human contact, preference is given to remaining close to family and kin, and protecting the family unit from external intrusion. Thus, providing the family with a direct sense of purpose and well-being for the individual, a place of sanctity and security when the outside world is no longer required or available.Our experiences of the world are subjective, we engage in both physical and emotional stimulation to suffice our needs. However, the main source for supply and demand of these needs is found in our value of our family and kin relationships. Family values are found in family traits, traditions and familiarity of its members andFamily and Friends 5its stability in a demographically changing social world. In this sense, friendships may come and go however, family values will always remain, placing an emphasis on the importance of families.Where do families achieve their stability and security? The structural functionalism of families can assist in maintaining stability and security, through its ability to provide individuals with the opportunity foremotional support, companionship, sexual expression, reproduction and the socialisation of childrenThey maintain social order and control through disciplining their children and other members (Baker, 2001, p.73).The ability of families to maintain social and familial control provides members with a sense of self-control over ones life. A setting to which they can return to safe in the knowledge that emotional, physical and materia l guidance and support can be sought. Therefore, positioning the family as a place belonging and familiarity.ConclusionThere appears to be little doubt that both family and friends play and important role in ones life. To measure to importance we cannot ignore the difference and diversity of both family and friendship relationships. For well-nigh the relationship of friends is extremely important, for others it is the relationship of the family.To assess why friendship relationships appear to be more important, it is essential to recognise the demographic changes that have occurred in the prehistoric and the rate at which changes occur in the present. Family dynamics now share a variety of different relationship structures such as, defacto, stepfamilies, same sex partners, toleration and foster parenting. All of which have their own unique set of values, social and cultural traits.The apparent multitude of difference and diversity of both family and friendship arrangements, in an ever-changing world, may embrace the need for external relations outside the family. Friendship relationships can become symbolic of demographic changes, be non-compliant with family traditions and have the flexibleness to endure future change. Thus, placing an importance on the need and value of friendship relationships.

Labouring the Walmart way Essay

Today thermonuclear power as an efficient and low consumption strength has been used widely, however, nuclear heartiness has potential and serious problems which people can not control. First off all, what is the nuclear? Many countries use nuclear energy to generate electricity. Unclear is the energy stored in the center or the nucleus of an atom. After we bombard the nucleus into two parts, two different elements are formed along with the emission of utmost energy. The process generally followed is called fission.Fission is the chain reaction which needs uranium-235.(Fission and fusion)The nuclear energy is considered as the worthiest alternative resource of energy aft(prenominal) fossil fuels, but it to a fault has a lot of potential problems.(Nuclear Energy) As ein truthone knows, nuclear energy can release nuclear irradiation which can kill humans cells and serious radiation can cause death. Furthermore, radiation can result in genetic variation. Radiation also has nuclear residue. It is hard to clear, may be more than 50 years can disappear. Such as Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, now is a refinement town, no one can live in there because of the radiation residue. In addition, nuclear reaction can generate radioactive waste.These wastes are very dangerous, and have very high radiation. Moreover, radioactive waste is hard to recycle and store. Radioactive waste are usually buried in the deep basis or seabed. Not only such, these wastes are hard to degrade. For example, uranium-235 needs 7 hundred million years to degrade. Last but not the least nuclear power is hard to control when the accident happen. On the one hand, nuclear leakage, the highly radioactive material leaked. The radioactive material release to the air, soil and water, and connected to food. When people touch or eat these material, testament have high rate get cancer. One the other hand, nuclear proliferation, radioactive dust will follow the wind to spread to the entire region. Fo r example, the accident of Fukushima Nuclear Power Station has affected whole area include china and Korea. In conclusion, discordant nuclear energy problems are undergoing in developed as well as developing countries. We can not prevent but we have to tell apart please use nuclear energy cautiously, securely and responsibly.Fission and Fusion Nuclear EnergyCNRS sagascience.2013.Web.28 November 2013 The Disadvantages Of Nuclear Conserve Energy Future Be spurt StayGreen.2013.Web.28 November 2013.

Photo Manipulation and Our Society Essay

Almost everything we see today from the billboard ads to magazine covers, we see several pictorial mattergraphgraphs that are purposefully manipulated to any sell a product or an idea. By seeing these characterizations we somehow ingrain in our storehouse the concept being conveyed through them. From perfect cookie carver models and artists to the overly manipulated advertisements, these things are part of how the society defines their view of the world. The question now is should photos be manipulated to effectively convey an idea to the society?Photo use is defined as the application of image editing techniques to photographs in order to create an illusion or deception (in contrast to mere enhancement or correction), through analog or digital means. With this, we can say that photo manipulation is a form of art wherein you would drastically change and/or commingle several images to create a new one to effectively show your concept as an artist. We could also say that pho to manipulation is a technique where you can drastically alter an image to deceive people by creating illusions to promote a product or an idea.There are other definitions of photo manipulation and it mainly covers how much of the original photo was changed to create a new one. When we see smartly conceptualized advertisements we somehow get that image stuck in our memory banks for their beauty and good use of technique. These advertisements work both as a large(p) work of art making it a medium to sell something to the public. It rightfully shows the creativity of the artist/photographer by transforming his pictures into something more(prenominal) powerful and thought evoking.Photo manipulation as a work of art is one of the kick downstairs sides of photo manipulation for it promotes both your creativity as an artist. These new images have a major effect on society for it may supplement your advocacy and a call for change. Several issues with photo manipulation have risen sinc e it became popular in the 1920s. It has been extensively used for photojournalism. A picture is worth more than a thousand words. What you see affects your perception on whats real or not, it can mislead from the truth and even make you misinterpret the facts.Because of this the issue Press Photographers Association (NPPA) in the USA has set a Code of Ethics which promotes accuracy of published images and over manipulation. We also see extensive photo manipulation in advertisements nowadays. In this current time people usually see advertisements having models with bodies which look like theyve gone through a cookie cutter because of their perfection. Perfect skin, perfect smile, perfect teeth, perfect eyes.We rarely see the real view where average people can relate themselves to and in turn flavour good about it. It is completely understandable that advertising firms are after aesthetics and product imaging but they should do it completely in the bounds of what is natural and no rmal. In conclusion, photo manipulation is really a helpful technique in expressing ones thoughts, emotions and ideas. When you manipulate an image you usually add on or remove some parts to help make the composition of the photo better and more interesting.Since we all have easy access to photo manipulating software we get to enjoy it by transforming pictures into colorful stories then it turns into a work of art. However, there are times that you get deceived by what you see and you wouldnt know if what youre seeing is real or not. This is sometimes the case with some photos being published in the news and advertisements. They do a great job with editing their photos that the public gets swayed with a wrong idea or perception of the truth. Photo manipulating is a skill to learn but use it ethically and responsibly.

Understanding Human Behaviour

UNIT 4 Objectives UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Indian purlieu The Changing Scenario After going through this unit you should be able to understand importance of concord homosexual behavior. Structure 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 6 Introduction Models to take Human Behaviour Implications for the Organisation Personality Determinants of Personality Type and Trait uprisees to Personality Theories of Personality Importance of Personality Attitudes Attitudes and Organisation places socializings Influence on Personality, Values and Attitudes Schein Socialisation Model Summary Self-Assessment Questions Further Readings 4. 1 INTRODUCTION It is in truth essential to understand human deportment in todays humankind as the existence of the organisation depends op the employees/ case-by-cases.Without understanding human conduct it is real difficult to lend in an organisation. In wander to understand human behaviour permit us see how the perception of human being has changed from time to time. All organisations be composed of respective(prenominal)s, with different mortalality, attitudes, values, perception, motives, aspirations and abilities. The main reason to understand behaviour is that several(prenominal)s argon different. No cardinal individuals be similar. In the early studies, theories of organisation and watchfulness treat quite a little as though they were the same scientific man be onment was found on the similarities among go baders, not the differences.In contrast, modern theories of human behaviour atomic number 18 based upon the differences among concourse and how those differences hindquarters presume the organisation. Individual differences atomic number 18 umteen for example or so employees ar motivated to go bad and some be not. This house be due to several reasons, and put forward be known by further indi baset the unit. Before we proceed to understand human b ehaviour, it is better to know what the term behaviour means. Behaviour tin can be defined as a response/s which is observed directly/indirectly. Direct observation is possible by studying the responses of people to a work milieu.Indirect observations atomic number 18 decision 5 Social Processes and Issues qualification processes and attitudes, in ground of results or how people describe them verbally. Human behaviour is very much un promiseable. In behaviour we cannot assume one set anatomy of behaviour. Lavitt classified behaviour as (i) Caused behaviour, (ii) Motivated behaviour, (iii) Goal oriented behaviour. From these observations it can be soundless that behaviour is a dependent factor. By understanding behaviour one can predict, direct, change and rig behaviour of individuals or group.There are universally four base assumptions regarding nature of people individual differences, a totally somebody, caused behaviour (motivation) and value of the someone (human dign ity). In an organisational set up it is essential for managers to understand behaviour. as they are constantly with people, interacting with them in terms of communication (either indite or oral) in terms of work (either by specifying the work and getting things done). Understanding past behaviour is distinguished for demoteing effective human skills, and it in any case provides a framework for predicting behaviour.It also gives an idea to managers as to how behaviour is similar in certain circumstances and changing in changing surroundal conditions. another(prenominal) skill which an effective manager or leader necessitate is the energy to direct, change and control behaviour. Managers have to understand that there are-going to be individual differences among the employees, as no individual is similar to other. to each one individual is unique by themselves. Then one has to understand that each individual has to be taken run foring of as a whole person by taking care of. h is needs as well as training and make him up to meshing in terms of work.Ultimately human beings have to be treated with respect completely then you can expect effective performance. With the following descriptions you will be able to understand the concept better. Dans analyses the nature of people in terms of four assumptions. 1. Individual Differences Behaviour is the result of interaction among individual characteristics and the characteristics of the environment in which the behaviour occurs. Each person has a unique compounding of characteristics. Some of these characteristics are present from birth others develop over time. These can be cal lead as inherited and learned characteristics.Although there are some inherited Table 1 Learned Characteristics and its Effect on Behaviour Characteristics Tolerance for de cancelure Relative importance of Behaviour Perceived role conflict Expressed job satisfaction Relationship found Less role conflict with greater tolerance for con flict Extrinsic Managers expressed less job satisfaction extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards Stronger work ethic associated with greater attendance High general interest of performance diversity associated with better performance More stress with emphasis on external locus of control Value or work ethicAttendance Diversity of interests Salary based measure 6 Locus of control Experienced job stress characteristics, merely these are very few, and not so significant. Learned characteristics are very all- main(prenominal)(a). Individual differences can be because of environment, ain and psychological factors. It is also due to sensual and tender factors. Learned characteristics are acquired as people grow, develop and interact with their environments. This is depicted by Table 1. environmental factors are characteristics of the considerableer environment much(prenominal) as economic conditions, social and. ultural norms, and political factors that can affect the individuals behav iour. Personal factors include physical and personal attributes e. g. , age, sex, race, education and abilities, psychological factors are less observable. They are mental characteristics and attributes such as values, attitudes, constitution and aptitudes that affect behaviour through complex psychological processes. These are studied, in the subsequent units. All aspects of the physical world that can be seen, heard, mat up, smelled or touched are part of the physical environment of behaviour.The social environment of an individual includes relationships with family, friends, co-workers, crackvisors and hookeds and membership in groups such as unions. The behaviour of others (as distinct from the individuals relationship with them) is also part of an individuals social environment. any norms, rules, laws or reward systems that originate with other individuals or groups athletic supporter to form an individuals social environment. 2. A Whole Person Indian Environment The Chan ging Scenario When an employee works in an organisation, the organisation takes care of that person by making him effective, as a worker and as a person. . Caused Behaviour (Motivation) Peoples behaviour is need based. By fulfilling these needs he is motivated positively and there occurs effective performance. So the management in the organisation has to take care of these needs in order to have an effective performance. The management can show them how certain actions will increase their need fulfilment and if not how it decreases their need fulfilment. 4. Value of the Person (Human Dignity) People have to be treated with respect and as individuals and they can not be treated like machines as how scientific management use to treat them.By recognising them and treating them with uniqueness the value of the person gets increased. By this we can understand how the concept of treating human beings from machines to human capitals have evolved. If one accepts the fact that human skill de velopment is necessary then managers and leaders must have necessary understanding in order to influence the behaviour of other people. It was felt that the managers acquire three levels of expertise. Firstly they have to understand the past and current behaviour, so that they are able to predict behaviour and than they learn to direct change, and control behaviour. . 2 MODELS TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Early classical approaches do the assumptions that people are naturally lazy and self-serving, neutral, or positive and self-motivated. In simpler terms they need to be pushed and controlled and kept under surveillance, neer to be trusted to put in a earnest days work by themselves. Economic rewards were the only one considered, and close autocratic supervision was suggested. Systems and contingency theorists viewed people as adaptable and felt that much of behaviour was learned and not attributable to predispositions to be negative or positive. Social Processes and Issues sta ndardizedrt, Mc Gregor and Bennis who developed and extended the findings of humanrelations theorists had a positive view of human nature. Employees were seen as striving for personal and social well-being. If leftover alone, they would work hard for the intrinsic satisfaction of a job well done- The emphasis was on democratic decision making and leadership. Jobs were to be challenging and allowed the individual employee to be creative. Models of Human Behaviour Psychoanalytic Model Freudian approach depends on conflict vex of humans.By using clinical techniques of free association and mental hygiene Freud felt that behaviour is not al shipway consciously explained. Unconscious is the major factor which guides the individuals behaviour. Freud felt that the individuals behaviour depends on three factors (i) id, (ii) Ego and (iii) Super ego. Id By Id it means pleasure. To certain degree of having Id in an individual is constructive but may also lead to destructive tendencies like b eing aggressive, dominating, fighting and more than(prenominal) oft than not destroy. This kind of instinctive is more dominating in infanthood.But once individuals develop and mature they learn to control the id. But it is alship canal unconscious. through with(predicate)out life the id becomes important cum of thinking and behaving. Ego Ego represents conscious stage in ones behaviour. Though Id comes in conflict with ego, the ego depends on the super ego. Superego It represents conscience. An individual is not aware of the superegos functioning. The conscience is dependent on two factors that is cultural values and moral of a society. Superegos development depends mostly on parents influence.Once the youngster grows up the kid will unconsciously identifies with parents value and morals. There is always tussle between id, ego and superego. The degree of each of them varies from person to person. So the variations in individuals behaviour can be better understood with the help of this model. But the modern theories have severely criticised this theory as it is not based on any a posteriori facts and as such it can not be accepted in totality. But the concept of unconscious is a significant contribution in understanding specific behaviour of humans. Existential Model This model is not scientifically based.Its base is literature and philosophy. The existentialists believe that the depersonalising effects of this environment sucks individuals to make their own destiny. So the individuals shape their own individualism and make their existence meaningful and worthwhile to themselves. This is more true and happening in todays urbanisation. Because people have become so materialistic and busy, they do not have time for traditional values and norms and it becomes impractical sometimes to follow them. Existential model is, especially true when you are employed in todays world.Though this model is not scientific it can be definitely be used in understandin g human behaviour. Internal vs. remote Determinants of Behaviour Environment plays a major role in shaping behaviour and communicable endowment and reputation development is influenced by our historical heritage. 8 Personality vs the Environment Both temper and situational variables must be taken into account in order to explain an individuals behaviour but a counseling on the environment is as important or perhaps slightly more important than focusing on personality traits.Indian Environment The Changing Scenario buzz off vs the Environment To understand ones behaviour all we have to know is the individuals past responses to similar (stimulus) situations and the rewards or punishments that followed that response. There are two models which come out of these approaches 1. behaviourist Model In this model the behaviour is dependent on two factors i. e. , stimulus and response. Learning occurs with this kind of model. Pavlov and Watson with their research felt that behaviour c an be best understood by stimulus and response.Behaviourist model is represented as S R (Stimulus-Response) 2. Cognitive Model S-OR-R. This model emphasises the positive and free-will factors of human beings and uses concepts such as expectancy, demand and incentive. Tolman with his experiments found that the basis of learning as of expectancy which is understood as one particular event leading to a particular offspring i. e. , goal. Human behaviour is based on these goals. The cognitive model is represented as S O R (Stimulus-Organism-Response model) Both approaches see learning and the environment as having a major impress on behaviour.From these different approaches it can be said that i) Behaviour is caused by instincts, genetic background and personality traits that are formed at an early age. Change is very difficult for the individual and that ones capacity is severely limited. Behaviour is mostly learned through our interactions with the environment. Present events or else than past events are important. Even though there are some limitations on. ones capacities, one is capable of great amounts of change. ii) 4. 3 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORGANISATION Behviour of individuals is caused, and follows a pattern, because of this, behaviour is unpredictable.Study of behaviour is however, rewarding and necessary for management. It is doubtful whether the manager can perform his tasks satisfactorily without developing a fair degree of understanding of the people around him. Any attempt to learn why people behave as they do in organisations requires some understanding of individual differences. Managers spend considerable time making judgements about the fit between individuals, job tasks and from these approaches it can be concluded that there is an overwhelming consensus that the, environment has a much greater effect than it is believed.The implications for organisations are important. It means that large areas of human behaviour are modifiable. Organisati onal design, training and development can have a profound impact on the behaviour of the members of an organisation. 9 Social Processes and Issues 4. 4 PERSONALITY Gordon Allport defined Personality as the dynamic organisation within the individual of those Psycho-Physical Systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. Personality can be described more specifically as how a person affects others, how he understands and views himself and his pattern of inner and outer measurable traits. From this definition, it can be understood ones physical appearance and behaviour affects others. Understanding oneself means one is unique with a set of attitudes and values and a self-concept. Finally, the pattern of measurable traits refers to a set of characteristics that the person exhibits. Some of the other definitions are Personality is a vehicle to integrate perception, learning, values and attitudes and thus to understand the total person. Personality is an individuals to tal reason of self, it is an organising force for the persons particular pattern of exhibited traits and behaviours. Personality is the culmination of experiences and genetic influences. Personality is influenced by the personal life and where he is working. 4. 5 DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY Personality is the result of both heredity and environment and also the situation. Heredity Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical appearance, temperament, energy level and biological rhythms are the characteristics which are generally influenced by ones Parents i. e. , Ones Biological, Physiological and Inherent Psychological Make up.The Heredity approach feels that personality of an individual is the Molecular Structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. Environment Culture plays an important role in the formation of personality, i. e. , early conditioning, the norms among the family, friends and social groups. With the socialisation process in th e group, personalities are altered over time. Situation Though an individual personality is constant, it does change depending on the situation. Different demands in different situations call forth different aspect of ones personality.The relationship of these three factors affects the formation and development of Personality. Psychological inheritance is entirely an internal contribution. Group and culture are the early environmental factors that form later behaviour. Family and social setting during the early stages of education are the important factors which influences the initial formation of personality. Whatever the child learns here lasts for life time. Later in life, it is the Peer groups or Primary affiliations at work, social activities which shape the Personality. 0 4. 6 TYPE AND TRAIT APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY Indian Environment The Changing Scenario The traditional viewed individuals as Shy, Lazy, Melancholy, Ambitious, Aggressive. These were called a Traits. Groups o f these traits were then aggregated to Personality types. Trait Approach Cattel (1973) identified 16 source traits/Primary Traits. These traits were found to be generally steady and constant sources of behaviour. But there was found to be no scientific relevance. frame of reference 1 Sixteen Source Traits 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) Reserved Outgoing Less intelligent More intelligent Affected by feelings Emotionally stable Submissive sovereign Serious Happy go Lucky Expedient Conscientious Timid(prenominal) Venturesome Tough minded Sensitive Trusting Suspicious Practical originative Forthright Shrewd Self-Assured Apprehensive Conservative Experimenting Group-dependent Self-sufficient Uncontrolled Controlled Relaxed Tense In the type approach, several behaviours are seen as cluster characterising individuals with senior high-pitched degree of stability.Locus of control People are assumed to be of two types Internals and Externals. Intern als are people who believe that much of what happens to them is controlled by their destiny. Externals believe that much of what happens to them is controlled by outside forces. Machiavellianism High Machs tend to take control, especially in loosely structured situations Low Machs serve well to structured situations. High Machs tend to be more logical, rational and Pragmatic. They are more skilled in influencing and coalition building. Type A or Type BPeople who are Hard-driving, im persevering, aggressive, and super competitive are termed as Type A Personality. Those who are easy-going, sociable, laid-back and non-competitive are termed as Type B Personality. Type A people tend to be very productive and work very hard. They are workaholics. The negative side of them is that they are impatient, not good team players, more irritable, have poor judgement. Type B people do better on complex tasks involving judgement, accuracy sooner than speed and team work. 11 Social Processes and Is sues 4. 7 THEORIES OF PERSONALITYCarl Jung identified three basic assumptions in theory, 1) Personalities are developmental in that they are influenced by past and hopes for the approaching. 2) All people have the potential for growth and change. 3) Personality is the totality of a persons interacting sub-systems. Emotional Orientations Jung feels that the two basic Orientations of People are extroversion and introversion. Introverts are primarily oriented to the subjective world. They look inward at themselves, avoid social contacts and initiating interaction with others, withdrawn, quiet and enjoy solitude.Extroverts are friendly, enjoy interaction with people, are generally aggressive and express their feelings and ideas openly. Managers should gain an understanding of themselves and learn how understanding others can make them better managers. Validity results showed that introvert/extrovert is really applicable to only the rare extremes. Most individuals tend to be ambiverts, that is, they are in between introversion and extroversion. Figure 2 Extroverts versus Introverts Characteristics of Each Extroverts Introverts Likes variety and action. dispose to work faster, dislike complicated procedure.argon often good at greeting people. Are often impatient with slow jobs. Are interested in results of their job, getting it done and in how other people do it. Often do not, mind dislocation of answering the telephone. Often act restlessly, sometimes without thinking. Like to have people around. Usually communicate freely. Like quiet for concentration Tend to be protective(predicate) with details, dislike sweeping statements. Have trouble in remembering names and faces. Tend not to mind working on one project for a long time uninterruptedly. Are interested in the idea behind their job.Dislike telephone intrusions and interruptions. Like to think a lot in front they act, sometimes without acting. lean contentedly alone. Have some problems in communicating. P roblem-solving Styles Jung identified two basic steps in problem solving collecting information and making decision. collect data occurs in a continuum from sensing to intuition. In terms of decision-making, it ranges from thinking to feeling types. perceptual experience-type The person approaches the problem in a step by step organised way. The person works steadily and patiently with details.Intuitive type One who does not show a lot of emotion, who can put things in a logical order and who can be firm and fair. The feeling type is very aware of other people, dislikes telling people unpleasant things and prefers harmony among people. 12 The interaction of these two aspects of problem solving results in four problemsolving types. 1) The sensing-feeling person likes to collect data in an orderly way and make decisions that take into account the needs of people. This person is very concerned with high-quality decisions that people will accept and implement. ) The intuitive-feeling person is equally concerned with the people side of decisions but the focus is on new ideas which are often broad in scope and lacking in details. 3) Sensing-thinkers emphasise details and quality of a decision. They are not as concerned with the people aspect of an organisation as with a technically sound decision. 4) Intuitive-thinking likes to tackle new and innovative problems, but make decisions primarily on technical terms. They tend to be good planners, but not so good at implementing. There is always a combination of these types in a person.General attitudes The last personality sub-system Jung identified was general attitude work, namely judging and perceptive. Judging types like to follow a plan, Figure 3 Sensing Types versus Intuitive types Characteristics of Each Sensing Types Dislike new problems unless there are standard ways to solve them. Like an established way of doing things. Enjoy using skills already learned more than learning new ones. Work more steadily, with realistic idea of how long it will take. Usually reach a conclusion step by step. Are patient with routine details. Are impatient when the details get complicated.Are not often inspired, and rarely trust the inspiration when they are. Seldom makes errors of fact. Tend to be good at precise work. Intuitive Types Like solving new problems. Dislike doing same thing repeatedly. Enjoy learning a new skill more than using it. Work in bursts of energy powered by enthusiasm, with slack menstruations in between. Reach conclusion quickly. Are impatient with routine details. Are patient with complicated situations. Follow their inspirations, good or had. Frequently makes errors of fact. Dislike taking time for decision. Indian Environment The Changing ScenarioFigure 4 Thinking Types versus Feeling Types Characteristics of Each Thinking Types Do not show emotion readily and are often uncomfortable dealing with peoples feelings. May hurt peoples feelings without knowing it. Like analysis and p utting things into logical order can get along without harmony. Tend to nail down impersonally, sometimes paying insufficient attention to peoples wishes. Need to be treated fairly. Are able to reprimand people or fire them when necessary. Are more analytically oriented respond easily to peoples thoughts. Tend to be firm minded.Feeling Types Tend to be very aware or other people and their feelings. Enjoy pleasing people, even in unimportant things. Like harmony. Efficiently may be badly disturbed by office feuds. Often let decisions be influenced by their own or other peoples personal likes and wishes. Need occasional praise. Dislike telling people unpleasant things. Are more people-oriented respond easily to peoples values. Tend to be sympathetic. 13 Social Processes and Issues Figure 5 Judging Types versus perceptive Types Characteristics of Each Judging Types Work best when they can plan their work and follow the plan.Like to get things settled and finished. May decide things to o quickly. May dislike to interrupt the project they are on for a more urgent one. May not notice knew things that need to be done. Want only essentials needed to begin their work. Tend to be satisfied once they reach a judgement on a thing, situation, or person. Perceptive Types Adapt well to changes. Do not mind leaving things open for alterations. May have trouble making decisions . May start too many projects and have difficulty finishing them. May postpone unpleasant things. Want to know all about a new job.Tend to be curious and encounter new information on a thing, situation, or person. like to make decisions, and necessity only essentials for their work. On the other hand, perceptive types adapt well to change, fatality to know all about a job and may get overcommitted. Development of Personality Eriksons eight life stages Erikson identified eight stages of life that characterise the unending development of a person. He characterised each stage by a particular conflict t hat needs to be resolved successfully before a person can move to the next stage. However, These eight stages are not totally separate, and the crises are never fully resolved.Movement between stages is developmental. Movement can even involve regression to earlier stages when traumatic events occur. symbolise One, Infancy During the first year of life a person resolves the basic crisis of trust vs. mistrust. An infant who is cared for in a loving and affectionate way learns to trust other people. Lack of love and affection results in mistrust. This stage makes a serious impact on a child that influences events for remaining life. Stage Two, early childhood In the second and third historic period of life, a child begins to assert independence.If the child is allowed to control these aspects of life that the child is capable of controlling, sentience of autonomy will develop. If the child encounters constant disapproval or inconsistent rule setting, a sense of self-doubt and shame is likely to develop. Stage Three, play age The four and five year olds seek to discover just how much they can do. If a child is encouraged to experiment and to achieve reasonable goals, he or she will develop a sense of initiative. If a child is blocked 14 and made to feel incapable, he or she will develop a sense of guilt and lack of selfconfidence.Stage Four, school age From ages 6 to 12, a child learns many new skills and develops social abilities. If a child experiences real progress at a rate compatible with his or abilities, the child will develop a sense of patience. The reverse situation results in a sense of inferiority. Stage Five, adolescence The crisis of the teenage years is gain a sense of identity rather than to become confused about who you are. While undergoing rapid biological changes, the teenager is also trying to establish himself or herself as socially separate from parents.The autonomy, initiative, and industry developed in earlier stages are very importan t in helping the teenager successfully resolve this crisis and prepare for maturity date. Stage Six, young adulthood The young adult (20s and 30s) faces the crisis of intimacy versus isolation. The sense of identity developed during the teenage years allows the young adult to begin developing deep and lasting relationships. Stage Seven, adulthood During their 40s and 50s adults face the crisis of generativity versus self-absorption.Self-absorbed persons never develop an ability to look beyond themselves. They may become absorbed in career advancements and maintenance and they may never learn to have concern for future generations, the welfare of organisations to which they belong or the welfare of society as a whole. Generative people see the world as much bigger than themselves. Productivity in work or child rearing or societal advancement become important to them. Through innovation and creativity, they begin to exert influence that benefits their organisation.Stage Eight, later life The adult of integrity has gained a sense of wisdom and prospective that can truly help guide future generations. Sheldon He labeled three body builds and certain Personality Characteristics they think overed. The three body types are 1) Endomorph Fleshy and run towards fatness. 2) Mesomorph Athletic and inclined to be muscular 3) Ectomorph Thin and inclined to be fine-boned and fragile. The personality characteristics reflected are Endomorph Friendly, oriented towards people, seek others when troubled, slow to react, loves to eat.Mesomorph Seeks physical adventure, needs and enjoys exercise, restless, aggressive, likes risk and chance, competitive. Ectomorph Likes privacy, socially inhibited, quick to react and hypersensitive to pain. Indian Environment The Changing Scenario Passages possible action Sheehy (1976) with her extensive research concluded that adults progress through five crises 1) Pulling up grow This period occurs between the ages of eighteen and twenty tw o, when individuals exit from home and incur physical, financial, and emotional separation from parents.They cover their fears and uncertainty with acts of defiance and mimicked confidence. 2) The Trying Twenties This period is a time of opportunity, but also includes the fear that choices are irrevocable. Two forces push upon us one is to build a firm, safe structure for the future by making strong commitments and the other is to explore and experiment and keep flexible as to commitments. 15 Social Processes and Issues 3) The Catch Thirties Approaching the age thirty is a time in which life commitments are made, broken or renewed.It may mean setting towards a new phase or calming down of idealistic dreams to realistic goals. Commitments are changed or they are deepened. There is change, turmoil, and often an urge to be out of the routine. The Deadline Decade The ten years between the age of thirty-five and fortyfive represent a crossroad. This period is characterised by a re-exam ination of ones purposes and how the resources will be spent from now on. Renewal or surrender The mid forties go a period of stability.The individual who can find a purpose and direction upon which to continue _ building his or her life, the mid forties may well be the best years. 4) 5) These stages are related to working places. It is expected that all employees face crises during their careers Just as young people pass through identity crises, during their teenage years, adults too go through stages insecurity, opportunities presented, opportunities forgone and lost, and either the acceptance of new challenges or resignation.These crises create the opportunity for an employee to alter his or her goals, commitments, and loyalties to the organisation. When employees reach their forties, they re-examine their goals and make important adjustments in their lives. Their personalities may undergo significant changes resulting in behavioural patterns quite different from his or her en vironment. Maturation Theory Chris Argyris has postulated a maturation theory of personality development that proposes that all healthy people seek situations that offer autonomy, ise interests, to be treated equally, and the opportunity to exhibit their ability to deal with complexity. Healthy individuals tend to move from immaturity to maturity 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) From being passive to engaging in increasing activity. From dependence on others to independence. From having few ways to behave to possess many alternatives. From having shallow interests to developing deeper interests. From short time perspective to having a longer time perspective. From being in a subordinate position to viewing oneself as equal or superior. From lack of awareness of oneself to awareness of oneself,According to Argyris, healthy people will show the behaviours of maturity while gassy people tend to demonstrate childlike immature behaviours. Further, Argyris argues that most organisations tend to thei r employees like children, making them dependent. The manager who understands personality development is better able to predict these crises and recognise them as natural transitions that adults encounter. Neither trait nor type approach, or theories of personality presented help in predicting behaviour of an individual. The reason is, they ignore situational contexts. 4. 8 impressiveness OF PERSONALITY 16Understanding of personality is very important because by determining what characteristics will make for effective job performance, it can aid in personnel selections by increasing understanding of how personality and job characteristics interact it can result in better hiring, transfer and promotion decisions, and by providing insights into personality development it can help to anticipate, recognise and prevent the operationalising of costly defenses by organisational members. There are certain procedures by which personalities can be predicted 1) 2) 3) 4) Rating Scales from pee rs or friends help in predicting the ehaviour. Experimental procedures which help in the assessment of some characteristics of person. With the help of Questionnaire one can assess behaviour of the other, provided the answers are genuine. Projective Tests like Thematic Appreciation Test, Rorschachs Ink-Blot rise help in predicting the personality of an individual. Indian Environment The Changing Scenario These measures help in effectiveness of the organisation. 4. 9 ATTITUDES Attitudes are a way of responding either favourably or unfavourably to objects, persons, concepts etc. They are evaluative statements.They reflect how one feels about something. Attitudes are related to behaviour. It is an unidimensional variable, i. e. , positive or negative. They are theoretic constructs. It is something inside a person. It may be observed but the attitude itself cannot. Attitudes in a person could be observed in three ways 1) Direct experience with the person or situation. 2) Association with other similar persons or situations. 3) Learning from others their association with the person or situation. Direct experience is the concrete experience stage of learning.Association is similar to abstract conceptualisation and generalisation. Learning from others is like reflection and observation. Attitudes evolve out of perception and learning process. One is not born with attitudes but acquires them through life experiences. But certain basic attitude of trust or mistrust occurs during the infancy. If a childs basic needs are met in a loving manner, the child will develop a sense of trust otherwise a sense of mistrust develops. The child also develops a sense of autonomy or shame and doubt. All these affects ones behaviour.And this linkage to behaviour is what managers are concerned with and they also tend to understand the ways in which behaviour affects attitudes. 4. 10 ATTITUDES AND ORGANISATION In organisations, attitudes are important because they affect the job behav iour. These job related attitudes top positive or negative evaluations that employees hold about aspects of their work environment. There are three primary attitudes job satisfaction, job involvement, and organisational commitment. Job satisfaction refers to an individuals general attitude towards his or her job, which is either positive or negative, i. . , satisfied or dissatisfied. Job involvement measures the degree to which a person identifies with his job, actively participates in it and considers his performance important to his self-worth. Organisational commitment is an orientation in terms of loyalty, identity and involvement in the organisation. These attitudes are measured so that behaviours like productivity, absenteeism and turnover can be predicted. Managers need not be interested only in understanding the attitudes of the people, but also in changing them. Since attitudes are learned they can be changed.Persuasive communications are used to change attitudes. But attit udes are slow to change. Because they are based on deep-seated beliefs and values. I 7 17 Social Processes and Issues 4. 11 VALUES Values are encompassing concepts. American Management Association indicated that values are at the core of personality, and that they are ,powerful, though silent force affecting behaviour. Values are so enter that it can be inferred from peoples behaviour and their expressed attitudes. But values are a strong force in people.What may appear to be strange behaviour in an employee can make sense if managers understand the values underlying that behaviour. Rokeach (1973) values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. Rokeach divided values into two broad categories Terminal values relate to ends to be achieved e. g. comfortable life, family security, self-respect and sense of accomplishment. Instrumental values relate to means for achieving desired ends, e. g. mbition, courage, honesty and imagination. Terminal values reflect what a person is ultimately striving to achieve, whereas instrumental values reflect how the person get there. Values are so embedded that it can be inferred from peoples behaviour and their perception, personality and motivation. They generally influence behaviour. They are relatively stable and enduring. This is because, the way in which they are originally learned. Allport (1951) identified six types of values. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Theoretical Places high importance on the discovery of truth through critical and rational approach.Economic Emphasises to be useful and practical. Aesthetic Places the highest value on form and harmony. Social The highest value is given to the love of people. Political Places emphasis on acquisition of power and influence. Religious Concerned with the unity of experience and understanding of the cosmos as a whole. People in d ifferent occupations place different importance on the six value types. The knowledge that people have different types of values has led a few of the more progressively managed organisations to initiate efforts to improve the values job fit in order to enhance employee performance and satisfaction.Texas Instruments for instance, has developed a programme to diagnose different value types and to match properly these types with appropriate work environments within their company. Some individuals, for example, are classified as tribalistic people who want strong, directive leadership from their bosses some are egocentric desiring individual responsibilities and wanting to work as lovers in an entrepreneurial style some are sociocentric desire primarily the social relationship that job provides, and some are existential, seeking full expression of growth and self-fulfilment needs through their work, much as an artist does.Charles Hughes, director of personnel and organisation develop ment at Texas Instruments, believes the variety of work that needs to be done, in his organisation is great enough to keep these different types work personalities in such a manner that an individual and organisational goals are fused. 18 4. 12 SOCIALISATIONS INFLUENCE ON PERSONALITY VALUES AND ATTITUDES Indian Environment The Changing Scenario Organisations play a major factor in peoples lives and it has a significant impact on peoples personality, values and attitudes.Socialisation is the process by which an individual adapts himself to the working environment and gains loyalty and commitment to an organisation. Through this process, a person learns the goals of the organisation, the means to achieve those goals, an employees responsibilities and accepted ways of behaving in the organisation. In addition, the person learns the organisations attitudes and values. As the person becomes socialised in the organisation, there is also a tendency to adapt to the attitudes and values of the organisation.Thus, the organisation influences the personality, values and attitudes of an individual. Stages of Socialisation 1) Pre-arrival stage Individuals develop gestate notions about an organisation based on previous education, work experiences and contacts with organisation. 2) Encounter with the Organisation A persons initial orientation, training and experiences with other employees who exhibit the accepted attitudes in the organisation all influence and change the person. ) Change of the Person and Acquisition of the new attitudes and values When a person works in a company, he or she gradually learns what is expected and begins to develop a new personality that is consistent with the organisation depending, the person works for sometime in the same organization. Socialisation process is not limited to the entry point in an organisation. Rather, it is a continuous process throughout persons career path. Socialisation occurs every time employee makes a move in an orga nisation.As people move vertically up the organisations hierarchy, they encounter different norms, values and attitudes. At the entry stage, employees must assimilate these new factors if they are to be successful, and the potential is there for an alteration of their personality. Economic conditions, competitions and technological advances can cause an organisation to change its basic orientation The resulting adaptation will bring new forces to bear on each organisation member forces which may alter personalities 4. 13 SCHEIN SOCIALISATION MODELSchein identified three ways in which individuals respond to the socialisation forces of the organisation and thus exert influence on their own personalities. 1) Rebellion The new employee could attempt to fight the organisation. The result might be dismissal, or change in the organisation, or change in the person (regardless of whether the individual wins or losses). 2) Creative Individualism Where an employee accepts the organisations va lues and attitudes which are important and rejects the others. The employee uses a combination of personal and organisational values in relation to the organisation. ) Conform A person could simply conform to the organisational forces and exert very little influence on the organisation. 19 Social Processes and Issues Thus socialisation is a process that exerts influence toward changing personality. But previous socialisation, learning and attitude formation create forces that operate to prevent personality as a consistent type. Perceptual process filters socialisation forces in an attempt to maintain consistency between peoples surroundings and their self-concept and it depends on effect of these forces.Personality, Attitude and Values continue to develop and evolve over a time. To understand the process of socialisation is necessary for a manager because it relates directly to work organisation. 4. 14 SUMMARY From this Unit, it was learnt that understanding human behaviour is ess ential for an effective manager, as it facilitates to achieve organisational goals better. The reasons for individual differences and approaches of understanding human behaviour are explained. It was understood from this unit, that attitudes are opinions about things.Values represent deep-seated standards by which people evaluate their world. The past plays an important role in the development of attitudes and values. Personality is the result of persons experiences and genetic influences. Approaches, theories and determinants of personality were explained. Finally, the process of socialisation in an organisation that alters ones personality, values and attitudes was discussed. 4. 15 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Why should organisations give importance in understanding human behaviour? What is individual difference?What are the factors which affect individual differences? Describe various models in understanding human behaviour. Define value. Define attitudes. H ow are they similar? Different? What is the source of values and attitudes? Values have been described as the foundation of individual behaviour. On what basis do you think such a statement was made? Explain why personality is developmental in nature, what are the primary factors that influence the evolution of personality? Why are the first three stages of Eriksons model of personality so crucial to long-term ersonality development? How do the crises of these three stages relate to the crises of the remaining stages? Describe locus of control, Machiavillianism and type A or B as types of personality. 9) 10) Describe the differences between type and trait approaches. . 11) 12) Describe the sub-systems of Jungs Personality Theory. Also explain the four dimensions of the theory. Describe the socialisation processes and explain how it influences personality, attitudes and values. 20 4. 16 FURTHER READINGS Indian Environment The Changing ScenarioB. Narayan and Bharati Sharma, 1993 Behav ioural Science in Management Omsons Publications, New Delhi. Harlow/Hamke, 1975 Behaviour in Organisations Text, Readings and Cases, Little, Brown and Company. Randolph, Black Bown, 1989 Managing Organisational Behaviour, Richard Irwin, Inc. Stephen P. Robbins, 1985 Organisational Behaviour, Concepts, Controversies and Applications, Prentice mansion house of India Private Limited, New Delhi. Terrence R. Mitchell, 1982 People in Organisations, McGraw-Hill International Book Company. Terrence R.Mitchell, 1983 People in Organisations, An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour, McGraw-Hill International Book Company. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, Cal. , 1962) is a very popular instrument for Jungian types. Please Understand Me by David Keirsey (Prometheus Nemesis Book, Del, Mar, Cal, USA, 1978) is a good simple introduction to Jungian types based on Keirsey constitution Sortex (70 item pair comparison questionnaire). Usha Haley and S. A. Stumpf in Cognitive trails in Strategic Decision Making (Journal of Management Studies, 1989, 26, 77-497) have discussed what Heuristics the four Jungian types use to take on data, and to generate and evaluate alternatives. Also the four types use different cognitive trails, and can consequently fall prey to biases that lurk in these trails. The Heuristics of biases of the four personality are Types STs NTs SFs NFs Heuristics Anachrony Perseverance Availability Vividness Biases Functional fixedness and regularity and structure. Positivity and representativeness. Social-desirability and fundamental attribution Reasoning-by-analogy and illusory-correlation. 21

Snow Boarding Descriptive Essay

Alex Fulton Descriptive essay GSW 1110 The rush As the clicking noise of the not so stunner ski-lift chimes away, I hold on tightly, looking toss off at the people below. This being my first time doing anything in or around s straightway, I was in truth excited to be going snow climb oning. While the ski-lift jerked back and forth my friend Corey en vagueened me on the tips for staying alive while I went down the hill. I was laborious to pay attention but I was just so eager to snowboard that his tips werent registering in my head.We reached the top of the ski-lift and I hopped off only to then fall on my face into the cold, hard snow. I stood up and time seemed to stand still as I watched the snow shadowyly fall down to earth. I trust my goggles back on my face, strapped my feet into my boards bindings and looked down the monstrous mountain. This was it and there was no turning back. My adrenaline was flowing through with(predicate) my body faster than a murder of lightening. I was terrified and amazed all at the same time. Going down the mountain felt like floating on air.With the fresh point of white powder spreading everywhere it felt like I was traveling faster than a race car in the Daytona 500. Carving down the mountain it seemed like it was never going to end. Speed kept picking up and snow seemed to leap purposely on my goggles. The thought of falling or hitting a tree mortified my mind. With my face smothered in cold ice, Im trying to clear my goggles without losing my balance. I formnt learned to duty tour or slow down on my snowboard yet, and Im regretting it.While I am attempting to dodge the fellow skiers and snowboarders my speed has become so intense that I am triskaidekaphobic of the next possible actions I could take on this horrifically monstrous hill. 1 Losing balance, I know that I am dismantletually going to have to stop myself before I increase too much speed and put my health at risk. Taking a deep breath, I begin to restrai n the biggest wipe-out that could happen in only 30 seconds. As I go to stop, I turn into a position so I land on my knees instead of my back.Thinking that this would be an easy, painless solution, I jam my knees into the hill and try to stop myself. Instead, I fall backwards onto my head, still plummeting down, but now in immense pain. After a few somersaults and excruciating positions I land into the soft snow bank on the side of the hill. I have officially stopped my hectic run. I laid there quietly on my back looking into the sky, watching the snow fall in slow motion as if someone was to watch dust slowly come to rest in rays of sunlight. Then it all hit me, the pain was flowing end-to-end my body.In the background I hear Corey frantically yelling my name. I was so focused on the pain throughout my body I couldnt even say a word to let him know I was ok. Corey called out for help, and the ski-patrol travel to my aid. Little did I know my wrist had snapped on impact. The patro l hasten me down the mountain on a ski type stretcher. Again I was on my back falling in and out of conciousness. The sky seemed to concentrate dimmer and dimmer as we approached the bottom of the mountain. Looking up at the ski-patrol I could tell in their eyes something bad had happened to me with my fall.Their eyes looked more sickening than my mind going down the mountain for the first time. The adrenaline I felt carving down the mountain was now being replaced by a lump in my throat. After what felt like years we reached the bottom of the mountain and the silence of the park was broken by the emitting sounds of an ambulance. I knew I was intimate the emergency vehicle because I could thumb the change in temperature. My frozen cheeks seemed to slowly thaw back to their original state and I could finally feel my feet again. Literally within minutes we arrived at the hospital.My worries werent even focused on myself but on my board. All I wanted to know was where it was and i f it was damaged. The paramedics assured me that my board was picked up by my friend Corey and was safe in his possession. 2 Still with every beat of my heart a jolt of pain was sent through my body straight to my left wrist. The pain was almost unbearable and seemed as if a hammer was beating down on my arm. I was instantly rushed into Emergency room where the doctors ordered x-ray and pain medication for me. After taking my medication I fell a drift into a light sleep.I dreamed that I was still carving down the mountain, as if nothing ever went wrong. I felt unstoppable as I was tear through the snow on my board. It felt like no-one could match the skills I had on the mountain. Then I awoke. I was in front of a pom-pom back at the resort. If it wasnt for my cast and emergency room bracelet I would have swore that everything that happened was all a dream. The heat emitting from the fireplace began to soothe my nerves and I began to unwind. As I sat there and watched from the lodg e, I was already thinking of when I could get back out on the slopes.Though that was out of inquire for awhile, the thrill and urge of flying down the mountain almost made me want to get back on the board that day. Its funny how much I still love the sport after something this terrible happened. The adrenaline rush and high speeds going down the mountain is almost addicting to me. The way it feels to almost mill around on top of the ground carving down a mountain is a unbeatable experience. I tummyt wait until the day comes that I can yet again feel myself flying down the mountain with the snow being burst everywhere like a snowy white vent-hole just erupted. This is what I live for. 3

Ancient Egyptians

Table of Contents dissertation State handst 1 clock period 2 Geography/Location 3 Political Characteristics5 Economy. 8 Religious Beliefs. 12 amicable Structure 15 Achievements/Accomplishments18 Dec business of Ancient Egypt20 Personal Observations. 22 Bibliography 23 Thesis Statement Ancient Egypt has made incredible achievements at any aspects of a civilization.Over the years, Ancient Egypt has had umteen cultural accomplishments in art, architecture, and dissimilar philosophies which ar still cherished today. Egypt is located in the jointureeastern coign of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the east. Religiously speaking the old-fashi virtuosonessd Egyptians are polytheistic and believe in multiple deities or perfections. They everyplace all(prenominal) believe that there are shaper forces that rule the Earth and the afterlife. The antiquated Egyptians have gone through a long and interesting line of rulers.In our modern time period today, we can look back, apprehend and cherish the ancient Egyptians. Time Period 3100 BC Hieroglyphics developed and King Menes united the Upper and Lower acress. 2700 BC Pyramid make began, in addition the beginning of the Old Kingdom 2200 BC The collapse of the Sixth Dynasty and the Old Kingdom beginning of the Middle Kingdom 1700 BC Earliest evidence of diagnostic medicine in Egypt and foreign invaders active the delta region the extraction of the Middle Kingdom 1550 BC The rise of the New Kingdom 1503 BC cleaning lady ruler exercised all the rights of a pharaoh 1200 BC Ramses became the most powerful pharaoh 1100 BC The collapse of the New Kingdom 670 BC The Assyrians attacked Egypt 525 BC The Persians conquered Egypt 330 BC horse parsley the Great conquered Egypt 30 BC The Romans conquered Egypt The ancient Egyptians went through or so turning points from the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. The most important events were when the Egyptians were getti ng invaded and taken oer by many assorted people, including the Persians, Alexander the Great and his men, and for the longest period of time, The Romans.During these times ancient Egypt was stripped down from some of their freedoms and traditions and also some cultural diffusion was forced upon them. 2 Geography/Location As you read in the Thesis Statement, Egypt is located in the northeastern corner of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the east. The Egyptians most important natural re fount was the Nile River, which flows from the Mediterranean Sea. They believed that they were blessed by the Nile and believed that the river was a gift from the Gods. The ancient Egyptians geographically ivided their record into two types, the dull land and the red land. The black land was considered the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. Ancient Egyptians employ this land for growing crops. This was the only land in Egypt that could be farmed becaus e a layer of rich, black silt was spread on the land invariablyy year after the Nile flooded. The red land was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These desolate 3 protected ancient Egypt from nearby countries and invading armies. They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a arising for different kinds of metals and stones.Egypts proximity to the Nile River enabled the Egyptians the trade, farm, make clothing, and ultimately use the river to its fullest. The ancient Egyptians use to sing a hymn of praise to the Nile for nourishing their land, these are the lyrics If the Nile smiles, the Earth is joyous, all stomach is full of rejoicing, Every spine is happy, Every jawbone crushes its solid food. 4 Political Characteristics The Ancient Egyptian G everyplacenment was dominated by a single man, the Pharaoh. The Egyptians believed that the ruler was more a man, but that he was a perfection.This gave the Pharaoh absolute control over affairs of the Empire and its people. Ancient Egypt was also considered as a theocracy, which was controlled by the clergy. The Pharaohs advisors and ministers were almost all priests, who were considered the only ones worthy and able to carry out the paragon-kings commands. In most of the religious ancient societies, priest has a special status above the rest of the citizens. The governmental officials include the prime minister, the oral sex treasurer, the tax collector, the minister of public works, and the army commander.These officials were directly responsible to the Pharaoh. The land itself was divided up into provinces called nomes. for each one nome had a governor, and was appointed by the Pharaoh, and responsible to the prime minister. Taxes were paid in goods and weary. Citizens were drafted into the army and forced labor for periods of time to pay the labor tax. Slaves, mercenaries, and draftees were often utilise in the army. It is believed, 5 however, that Egyptian slaves were non used to c onstruct sacred monuments, much(prenominal) as the Pyramids.Egyptologist were led to this conclusion by recent finding of role player burial grounds near such monuments. The workers received proper Egyptian burials, where as slaves did not. The majority of Egyptian people were peasants who worked he land along the fertile Nile flood basin. These people had no voice in the government, and accepted the fact because it was backed by their religion. This aspect of the Egyptians religion helped keep Egypt so powerful and centralized during its high points. One of the most powerful rulers of ancient Egypt was the mighty Ramses II.Ramses was very aspirant and looked to expand the Egyptian empire northward as far as Syria. He constructed many temples and monuments and boasted of his conquest. In a battle against the Hittites, Ramses had salient(ip) bravery and prevented himself from a crushing defeat. Ramses was well respected and went in taradiddle for his achievements. His tomb is lo cated in the Valley of the Kings, and his mummy is thought to be one of the most best-preserved mummies ever found. 6 Another greatly respected pharaoh of Egypt was King Menes.Menes was actually cognize as the first uncoiled leader of Egypt. He accomplished much, including the unification of the Upper and Lower Kingdoms of early Egypt. After Menes united the Kingdoms the Egyptian monarchy lasted in a recognizable form for over three thousand years. 7 Economy at that place were many aspects to the Ancient Egyptian sparing. The Egyptians traded, educated, and farmed. The Egyptians had a large range of resources at their disposal varying from food and cloth, to metals and gems. Some of Egypts agricultural products were grain, vegetables, fruit, fish, attle, goats, pigs and fowl which were the primary food resources and flax was also grown to be spun into linen. A large proportion of grain was used for beer production. In ancient Egypt there was a good diverseness of metals, but on ly a small number were used including copper, bronze, and iron. Gems for the upper classes and the pharaoh and much stone were used for the construction of temples and of course the pyramids. The majority of the population more than nine tenths lived on the land in for the most part resolution 8 communities.The land they worked in belonged in theory to the gods and in particularly the gods Osiris and Horus and his earthly avatar or avatar, the pharaoh. The ancient Egyptian economic system was called a command economy. Administrators, priests, traders, and craftsmen lived broadly speaking in the cities along the Nile. Some of the most commercial cities or capitals of ancient Egypt were Zawiyet el-Mayitin, Abydos, Naqada, el-Kula, Edfu, Seila and the island of Elephantine in the Nile River at modern Aswan. These provincial capitals were popular religious and economic centers serving the surrounding countryside.In ancient Egypt, a major part of the taxes imposed on the 9 people wer e used to keep the society discharge smoothly. Grain was one of the most taxed resources as it could be stored relatively easy and was very vital in years of bad harvests. Three thousand years of development pointed out just how powerful this economy was. With the help from transportation by the Nile River, the Egyptians sold their products sold on the market. The Egyptians set up trade routes to fulfil distant countries.They often visited the countries along the Mediterranean Sea and the near the Upper Nile River because they were immediately adjacent to Egypt and contained materials that the Egyptians desired. These visited countries included Cyprus, Crete, Greece, Syro-Palestine, Punt, and Nubia. Some of the items that the Egyptians would bring back to Egypt would be leopard skins, giraffe tails, monkeys, cattle, ivory, ostrich feathers/eggs, and gold. When the Egyptians visited Punt, there a major source for incense, also Syro-Palestine provided ceder, oils, unguents, and hor ses.Horses were originally used in 10 ancient Egypt, and then the domesticated camel was introduced at close to 500 BC. The economy in ancient Egypt was overall in general very stable and structured over the years. 11 Religious Beliefs Religion was very important to the Ancient Egyptians. Their religion was strongly influenced by tradition, which caused them to resist change. Egyptians did not question the beliefs which had been handed down to them they did not desire change in their society.Their main stimulate throughout their history was to emulate the conditions which they believed had existed at the dawn of creation. The Egyptians were polytheistic people that believed in multiple gods/deities. The god conciliateed various forces of nature, thought patterns and power, and expressed by the means of complex and varied archetypes. These deities were worshipped with offerings and prayers in local household shrines, as well as in formal temples managed by priests. Different god s were large at different periods of Egyptian history, and the myths associated with them hanged over time, so Egypt never had a coherent 12 hierarchy of deities or a unified mythology. The religion of the Egyptians, however, contained many overarching beliefs. Among these were the divinity of the pharaoh, which helped to politically unify the country, and the complex beliefs nigh an afterlife, which gave the Egyptians elaborate burial customs concluding the process of mummification. Ancient Egyptians had many deities, here are some examples of the most important and famous ones.. Amun The Egyptians believed that this god created himself in the beginning of time.They also believed him to be the father of the pharaohs. This god looks like a man with a beard, feathered crown, and shown as a ram or a ram-headed man. His name means the hidden one. Geb Geb was a bearded god with a goose on his head. He was known as the healer and provider of crops. The Egyptians believed that when that Geb laughed thats what caused the earthquakes. Egyptians had feared he might imprison the dead. 13 Mut Mut is Egyptian goddess, also known as the mother of all living things. Her hieroglyphic attribute is the vulture. She is a charr wearing a vulture headdress sometimes.She also sometimes wears a double crown to re bequest lower and upper Egypt. Osiris Orsiris was a strong element in Egyptian mythology. He was one of the pentad children born from the god of earth and the goddess of skies. He was inherirted to the throne of Egypt. Ra The God Ra is the Egyptian god of the cheer, light, heat, and the supreme judge. Also he was known as Re- Horakhty, which means Horus of the Horizon. A god with a sun disk nigh his head, he is worshipped all along Egypt. Egyptians believed he created the world, and the rising sun is the symbol of creation. The sun rising and setting meant renewal.He is ultimately known as the passe-partout of life. 14 kindly Structure In the ancient times of Egypt the top of the social importance was the pharaoh, then the government officials such as the nobles priests, next were the soldiers, then scribes, merchants, artisans, farmers, and lastly slaves/ servants. The pyramid has been used as a visual parable to describe the social structures of ancient Egypt. The position of an individual in the social pyramid was determined by birth circumstances such as class, gender, race, and the relationship among social groups were determined by their occupations.Ancient Egypt was control by a very small rich upper class who enjoyed power and wealth man the large masses of Egyptian workers and peasants throw togethers to subsist. The ruling class depending on a social system of administrators, who organise the work force, managed resourced and taxed the surplus production. For their services, these government officials received favors and could rise to the highest ranks in the administration. 15 The upper class of Egypt scorned the lower classes as inferiors, and many instances of abuse were committed, but peasant and farmers were not slaves.They had property rights and servants could inherit their masters possessions when is they died without children. Other members of the working class, artisans, were their own masters. They owned property and land, and could freely buy and sell their products in the market. Education in ancient Egypt was not very advanced. At a young age children were mainly taught by their parents. Most parents would try to instill in their kids various educational principles, honourable attitudes, and views of life from a tender age. For girls, they would always stay with their mothers.Very few flights were open to most women. While most muliebrity trained for motherhood and how to be a good wife, some girls could train to be dancers, entertainers, weavers, or bakers. lonesome(prenominal) the daughters of wealthy nobles received an education in reading or writing. The boys were mainly rais ed by their fathers. news usually followed the same trade that their fathers practices. Some of the boys at this time attended a general village direct while others attended a school 16 builded for a specific career such as a priest or a noble.Schools taught writing, reading, math, and sports as well as ethical motive and manors. At the age of fourteen, the sons of farmers or craftsmen joined their dads in their profession. Those children whose parents had higher status careers continued their education at special school usually attached to temples or government centers. The educational experiences in ancient Egypt had both(prenominal) similarities and differences compared to the present education in the U. S. A. It was similar because most parents like in ancient Egypt teach their kids moral values and educational principles. Unlike Egypt, inAmerica it is a law that all American children moldiness go to school and get an education. The selective school in Egypt taught similar s ubjects to the children, but it America present time , there is a lot more variety and opportunities for the future. 17 Achievements/Accomplishments There were many achievements of the ancient Egyptians including the quarrying, surveying and constructional techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temple, and obelisks. They also established a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques.They had the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty. Egypt truly left a lasting legacy. Their art and architecture were widely copied, and sent around the world today. Egypts monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. In the mathematical area, Egyptians used a count system based on ten. They used vertical tally marks to represent the numbers one through nine, then they used symbols for larger numbers.For example, a heel stood for 10, a crook was 100, a visor was 1000, a finger was a 10,000, and a tadpole represented 100,000. 18 In the science department, the Egyptians believed that Thoth, in the form of an ibis, was the inventor of astrology and mathematics, he was known as the god of wisdom and magic. The Egyptians had many outstanding cultural achievements concluding mainly art and architecture. The Egyptian art was highly symbolic and a photograph or sculpture was not meant to be a record of as the result of subtle changes, not as altered conception of arts or its role in society.The pyramids of Egypt are the most famous and mind-blowing structures built by the Egyptians. The Egyptian also had some literature mostly written on papyrus, also contains elements of art. The writings included hymns to the gods, mythological and magical texts, and mortuary texts. 19 Decline Egypt was once one of the most powerful civilizations on the planet. The decline of Egypt started at around 1000 BC when there was struggle for power by priests and nobles and the country started to spilt up. Rich people wanted to take over Egypt and hired men to conquer certain areas of Egypt.As there was a struggle for power, enemies from other countries invaded Egypt. The Cushites ruled Egypt from almost 767 BC until they were defeated by the Assyrians in 671 BC and then Egypt took back their country in 525 BC. In 343 BC, the Persians took over Egypt as a part of their conquest. Later, a man named Alexander the Great conquered most of Europe and Africa including Egypt. Alexander became the Pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire and he was loved by the Egyptian people. He was committed to the well existence of people so he chose not to change their ways.After Alexander died, his generals each ruled areas he conquered, this period of Alexander lasted for 20 300 years until the Romans took it over. The Romans ruled Egypt for seven centuries, Egypt was a great source of wealth to the Romans. The Romans brought Christianity to Egypt. The Roman period of Egypt was peaceful even though the ancient religion of Egypt was taken over by the fast spread of Christianity. The period of ancient Egypt lasted from 3000 BC 639 AD, was at the end when Arabs brought the religion of Islam to Egypt.The fall of this rich civilization is probably one of the most interesting parts, in not just Egyptian history, but ancient history in general, since Egypt was the most powerful civilization in the world at the time. 21 Personal Observations I truly think Egypt is one of the most amazing ancient civilizations of all time. I choose Egypt for my research paper because I believe that they have so much unique(p) culture and mind-blowing accomplishments. From this research paper I have learned many new things about ancient Egypt that I never knew before.I thought that all the monuments and pyramids were very impressive. Also the architectural design of the Egyptians is t ruly creative and inspiring. I hope that people in our modern time can learn how to appreciate the integrity of the Egyptians, and hopefully by reading this research paper it well help. 22 Bibliography Books The school textbook of world history, Egyptian art by Cryril Aldred, Egypt by DK Publishing Websites www. wsu. edu, www. ancientegypt. co. uk, www. kingtutone. com, www. reshafim, www. ancient-egypt. org 23